2016–17–A

• Topological manifolds. The fundamental group and covering spaces. Applications.
• Singular homology and applications.
• Smooth manifolds. Differential forms and Stokes’ theorem, definition of de-Rham cohomology.
• Additional topics as time permits.

1. Review of differentiable manifolds, definition of a Lie group. Quotients in the category of Lie groups, homogeneous manifolds, haar measure, connected components.
2. Algebraic groups, matrix groups, the classical groups.
3. Lie algebras and connection to Lie groups.
4. Nilpotent, solvable and semisimple Lie algebras and Lie groups, Lie theorem, Engel theorem, Levi decomposition.
5. Cartan-Killing form.
6. Representation of a Lie algebra over the complex numbers.
7. Root and weights, root systems, Dynkin diagrams, classication of complex semisimple Lie algebras.

The field of real numbers $\mathbb{R}$ is defined as the completion of the field of rational numbers $\mathbb{Q}$ with respect to the norm $\|·\|$. However, there are other norms on $\mathbb{Q}$, each corresponding to a prime number $p$, and the completion of $\mathbb{Q}$ with respect to any such norm leads to the field of $p$-adic numbers, denoted by $\mathbb{Q}_p$. This is a topological complete field, and thus it makes sense to develop an analysis on it.

Many features of the $p$-adic analysis are very different from familiar ones in real analysis. For example, “the first year calculus dream” of many students comes true: A series converges if and only if its general term goes to $0$. The overall picture of the $p$-adic analysis makes impression of a surprising and beautiful one, and easier than its real counterpart. Nowadays, the $p$-adic analysis has endless applications in geometry and number theory.

In this course we will study the field of $p$-adic numbers from different points of view, stressing similarities to and deviations from the real numbers. If time permits the culmination of the course will be Tate’s thesis (1950), that uses $p$-adic analysis to prove the meromorphic continuation of the zeta-function of Riemann and its functional equation.

1. Arithmetic of $\mathbb{Q}_p$: sums and products, square roots, finding roots of polynomials.
2. Algebraic number theory of $\mathbb{Q}_p$: finite extensions, algebraic closure of $\mathbb{Q}_p$, completion of the algebraic closure, local class field theory will be mentioned.
3. Topology of $\mathbb{Q}_p$: elementary topological properties, Euclidean models of $\mathbb{Z}_p$.
4. Analysis on $\mathbb{Q}_p$: convergence of sequences and series, radius of convergence, elementary functions $\ln_p$, $\exp_p$, the space of locally constant functions.
5. Harmonic analysis on $\mathbb{Q}_p$: characters of $\mathbb{Q}_p$, Haar measure, integration of locally constant functions, Fourier transform.
6. The ring of adeles as an object unifying $\mathbb{Q}_p$ for all $p$: topological properties, integration and Fourier transform, Poisson summation formula.
7. Tate’s thesis.

Prerequisites: topology, algebraic structures

Topics:

1. Review of material from past semesters (the courses “Derived Categories I and II”).

2. Derived categories in commutative algebra: dualizing complexes, Grothendieck’s local duality, MGM Equivalence, rigid dualizing complexes.

3. Derived categories in algebraic geometry: direct and inverse image functors, global Grothendieck duality, applications to birational geometry (survey), $l$-adic cohomology and Poincare-Verdier duality (survey), perverse sheaves (survey).

4. Derived categories in non-commutative ring theory: dualizing complexes, tilting complexes, derived Morita theory.

5. Derived algebraic geometry: nonabelian derived categories (survey), infinity categories (survey), derived algebraic stacks (survey), applications (survey).

Banach spaces and Hilbert spaces. Basic properties of Hilbert spaces. Topological vector spaces. Banach-Steinhaus theorem; open mapping theorem and closed graph theorem. Hahn-Banach theorem. Duality. Measures on locally compact spaces; the dual of $C(X)$. Weak and weak-$*$ topologies; Banach-Alaoglu theorem. Convexity and the Krein-Milman theorem. The Stone-Weierstrass theorem. Compact operators on Hilbert space. Introduction to Banach algebras and Gelfand theory. Additional topics as time permits.